Define the term wave front. State Huygen’s principle.
Consider a plane wave front incident on a thin convex lens. Draw a proper diagram to show how the incident wave front traverses through the lens and after refraction focusses on the focal point of the lens, giving the shape of the emergent wave front.

                                                                     OR

Explain the following, giving reasons :
(i) When monochromatic light is incident on a surface separating two media, the reflected and refracted light both have the same frequency as the incident frequency.
ii) When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, the speed decreases. Does this decrease in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by the wave?
(iii) In the wave picture of light, intensity of light is determined by the square of the amplitude of the wave. What determines the intensity in the photon picture of light?

Wavefront is defined as the locus of all the points in space that reach a particular distance by a propagating wave at the same instant.

Huygen's principle:

i) Each point of the wavefront is the source of a secondary disturbance and the wavelets emanating from these points spread out in all directions. These travel with the same velocity as that of the original wavefront.

ii) The shape and position of the wave-front, after time 't', is given by the tangential envelope to the secondary wavelets.

A plane wavefront is incident on a thin convex lens:



                                                    OR



i) Reflection and refraction arise through interaction of incident light with atomic constituents of matter which vibrate with the same frequency as that of the incident light. Hence, frequency remains unchanged.

ii) No, energy carried by a wave depends on the amplitude of the wave, not on the speed of wave propagation.

iii) For a given frequency, intensity of light in the photon picture is determined by the number of photon incident normally on crossing unit area per unit time.

i) Law of Malus states that when a completely plane polarised light beam is incident on an analyser, the intensity of the emergent light varies as the square of the cosine of the angle between the plane of transmission of the analyser and the polariser.

                               I = I_o cos²
ii) The variation of intensity (I) of polarised light transmitted by an analyser with angle .

iii) According to the Brewster's law, we have



The refractive index of the material is 1.73

According to Malus’ Law:

Angular width of central maximum


Linear width of central maxima in the diffraction pattern

Let ‘n’ be the number of interference fringes which can be accommodated in the central maxima